Has God's Signature been found in the Genetic Code

[Craig.Paardekooper]

I met with Vernon who came from Wales down to London to attend the Reasons to Believe Conference. Vernon suggested that we go back to the original research on linguistic features in the genetic code, and study the background material in those papers. This will provide hunches as to which avenues to pursue.

Vernon asked me to send him a list of all the papers on "Linguistic features in DNA"

Such a list can be obtained easily from PubMed - an online database that indexes all published papers on genetics. You can find this database here -

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/

I entered the phrase "Linguistic Features of Noncoding DNA" into the search box - which produced this list of papers -


1. Physica A. 1999;273(1-2):1-18.
Scaling features of noncoding DNA.
Stanley HE, Buldyrev SV, Goldberger AL, Havlin S, Peng CK, Simons M.
Source : Department of Physics, Boston University, MA 02215, USA. hes@bu.edu

Abstract

We review evidence supporting the idea that the DNA sequence in genes containing noncoding regions is correlated, and that the correlation is remarkably long range--indeed, base pairs thousands of base pairs distant are correlated. We do not find such a long-range correlation in the coding regions of the gene, and utilize this fact to build a Coding Sequence Finder Algorithm, which uses statistical ideas to locate the coding regions of an unknown DNA sequence. Finally, we describe briefly some recent work adapting to DNA the Zipf approach to analyzing linguistic texts, and the Shannon approach to quantifying the "redundancy" of a linguistic text in terms of a measurable entropy function, and reporting that noncoding regions in eukaryotes display a larger redundancy than coding regions. Specifically, we consider the possibility that this result is solely a consequence of nucleotide concentration differences as first noted by Bonhoeffer and his collaborators. We find that cytosine-guanine (CG) concentration does have a strong "background" effect on redundancy. However, we find that for the purine-pyrimidine binary mapping rule, which is not affected by the difference in CG concentration, the Shannon redundancy for the set of analyzed sequences is larger for noncoding regions compared to coding regions.



2.Biosystems. 1997;44(1):17-39.

Isomorphism between cell and human languages: molecular biological, bioinformatic and linguistic implications.
Source : Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08855, USA.

Abstract

The concept of cell language has been defined in molecular terms. The molecule-based cell language is shown to be isomorphic with the sound- and visual signal-based human language with respect to ten out of the 13 design features of human language characterized by Hockett. Biocybernetics, a general molecular theory of living systems developed over the past two and a half decades, is found to provide a physical theory underlying the phenomenon of cell language. The concept of cell language integrates bioenergetics and bioinformatics on the one hand and reductionistic and holistic experimental data on the other to account for living processes on the molecular level. The isomorphism between cell and human languages suggests that the DNA of higher eucaryotes contains two classes of genes--structural genes corresponding to the lexicon and 'spatiotemporal genes' corresponding to the grammar of cell language. The former is located in coding regions of DNA and the latter is predicted to reside primarily in noncoding regions. The grammar of cell language is identified with the mapping of the nucleotide sequences of DNA onto its 4-dimensional folding patterns that control the spatiotemporal evolution of gene expression. Such a mapping has been referred to as the second genetic code, in contrast to the first genetic code which maps nucleotide triplets onto amino acids. The cell language theory introduces into biology the linguistic principle of 'rule-governed creativity,' leading to the formulation of the concept of 'rule-governed creative molecules' or 'creations.' This concept sheds new light on molecular biology, bioinformatics, protein folding, and developmental biology. In addition, the cell language theory suggests that human language is ultimately founded on cell language.


3. Nucleic Acids Res. 1996 May 1;24(9):1676-81.
Lack of biological significance in the 'linguistic features' of noncoding DNA--a quantitative analysis.
Chatzidimitriou-Dreismann CA, Streffer RM, Larhammar D.

Source : Iwan N. Stranski Institute for Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Technical University of Berlin, Germany.

Abstract

Recently, the application of two statistical methods (related to Zipf's distribution and Shannon's redundancy), called 'linguistic' tests, to the primary structure of DNA sequences of living organisms has excited considerable interest. Of particular importance is the claim that noncoding DNA sequences in eukaryotes display specific 'linguistic' features, being reminiscent of natural languages. Furthermore, this implies that noncoding regions of DNA may carry some new, thus far unknown, biological information which is revealed by these tests. In this paper these claims are tested quantitatively. With the aid of computer simulations of natural DNA sequences, and by applying the same 'linguistic' tests to both natural and artificial sequences, we investigate in detail the reasons of the appearance of the claimed 'linguistic' features and the associated differences between coding and noncoding DNAs. The presented results show quantitatively that the 'linguistic' tests failed to reveal any new biological information in (noncoding or coding) DNA.


4. Science. 1996 Jan 5;271(5245):14b-5b.
Explaining "linguistic features" of noncoding DNA.

Bonhoeffer S, Herz AV, Boerlijst MC, Nee S, Nowak MA, May RM.

Lack of biological significance in the 'linguistic features' of noncoding DNA--a quantitative analysis.

Chatzidimitriou-Dreismann CA, Streffer RM, Larhammar D.


5. Phys Rev E Stat Phys Plasmas Fluids Relat Interdiscip Topics. 1995 Sep;52(3):2939-50.
Systematic analysis of coding and noncoding DNA sequences using methods of statistical linguistics.

Mantegna RN, Buldyrev SV, Goldberger AL, Havlin S, Peng CK, Simons M, Stanley HE.

Source: Center for Polymer Studies and Department of Physics, Boston University, Massachusetts 02215, USA.

Abstract

We compare the statistical properties of coding and noncoding regions in eukaryotic and viral DNA sequences by adapting two tests developed for the analysis of natural languages and symbolic sequences. The data set comprises all 30 sequences of length above 50 000 base pairs in GenBank Release No. 81.0, as well as the recently published sequences of C. elegans chromosome III (2.2 Mbp) and yeast chromosome XI (661 Kbp). We find that for the three chromosomes we studied the statistical properties of noncoding regions appear to be closer to those observed in natural languages than those of coding regions. In particular, (i) a n-tuple Zipf analysis of noncoding regions reveals a regime close to power-law behavior while the coding regions show logarithmic behavior over a wide interval, while (ii) an n-gram entropy measurement shows that the noncoding regions have a lower n-gram entropy (and hence a larger "n-gram redundancy") than the coding regions. In contrast to the three chromosomes, we find that for vertebrates such as primates and rodents and for viral DNA, the difference between the statistical properties of coding and noncoding regions is not pronounced and therefore the results of the analyses of the investigated sequences are less conclusive. After noting the intrinsic limitations of the n-gram redundancy analysis, we also briefly discuss the failure of the zeroth- and first-order Markovian models or simple nucleotide repeats to account fully for these "linguistic" features of DNA. Finally, we emphasize that our results by no means prove the existence of a "language" in noncoding DNA.


6. Fractals. 1995 Jun;3(2):269-84.
Statistical and linguistic features of DNA sequences.

Havlin S, Buldyrev SV, Goldberger AL, Mantegna RN, Peng CK, Simons M, Stanley HE.

Source : Center for Polymer Studies and Department of Physics, Boston University, MA 02215, USA.

Abstract

We present evidence supporting the idea that the DNA sequence in genes containing noncoding regions is correlated, and that the correlation is remarkably long range--indeed, base pairs thousands of base pairs distant are correlated. We do not find such a long-range correlation in the coding regions of the gene. We resolve the problem of the "non-stationary" feature of the sequence of base pairs by applying a new algorithm called Detrended Fluctuation Analysis (DFA). We address the claim of Voss that there is no difference in the statistical properties of coding and noncoding regions of DNA by systematically applying the DFA algorithm, as well as standard FFT analysis, to all eukaryotic DNA sequences (33 301 coding and 29 453 noncoding) in the entire GenBank database. We describe a simple model to account for the presence of long-range power-law correlations which is based upon a generalization of the classic Levy walk. Finally, we describe briefly some recent work showing that the noncoding sequences have certain statistical features in common with natural languages. Specifically, we adapt to DNA the Zipf approach to analyzing linguistic texts, and the Shannon approach to quantifying the "redundancy" of a linguistic text in terms of a measurable entropy function. We suggest that noncoding regions in plants and invertebrates may display a smaller entropy and larger redundancy than coding regions, further supporting the possibility that noncoding regions of DNA may carry biological information.


7. Phys Rev Lett. 1994 Dec 5;73(23):3169-72.
Linguistic features of noncoding DNA sequences.
Mantegna RN, Buldyrev SV, Goldberger AL, Havlin S, Peng CK, Simons M, Stanley HE.

Source : Center for Polymer Studies and Department of Physics, Boston University, Massachusetts 02215, USA.
Abstract

We extend the Zipf approach to analyzing linguistic texts to the statistical study of DNA base pair sequences and find that the noncoding regions are more similar to natural languages than the coding regions. We also adapt the Shannon approach to quantifying the "redundancy" of a linguistic text in terms of a measurable entropy function, and demonstrate that noncoding regions in eukaryotes display a smaller entropy and larger redundancy than coding regions, supporting the possibility that noncoding regions of DNA may carry biological information.

[Craig.Paardekooper]

Here is a link to the pdf for this paper -

http://cps.bu.edu/hes/articles/mbghpss94.pdf


and here is a link to another complete paper by the same researchers

http://havlin.biu.ac.il/PS/hbgmpss254.pdf


also

http://chemlabs.nju.edu.cn/Literatur...inguistics.pdf

[Craig.Paardekooper]

Inorder to understand the paper on Linguistic features in noncoding DNA, I must first understand Zipf's Law and how it applies to ordinary languages. Here is a link -

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zipf's_law

References:

Christopher D. Manning, Hinrich Schütze Foundations of Statistical Natural Language Processing, MIT Press (1999)
http://dpinto.cs.buap.mx/pln/Autumn2...processing.pdf

[Craig.Paardekooper]

http://www.hpl.hp.com/research/idl/p...g/ranking.html

http://www.csl.sri.com/users/neumann/#12a

Belevitch V (18 December 1959). "On the statistical laws of linguistic distributions". Annales de la Société Scientifique de Bruxelles. I 73: 310–326

[Craig.Paardekooper]

http://www.intmath.com/exponential-l...og-semilog.php

[Craig.Paardekooper]

Background

We have seen, from the work of Vernon Jenkins, that Genesis 1v1 seems to contain a mathematical pattern based around 666 and 703, and this same pattern has been discovered by Rakocevic in the genetic code. Genesis 1v1 is therefore possibly a Signature.

Consequently I have decided to search for this Signature in the sequence of nucleotide bases that form the string of DNA. The number of aminoacods approximates to the number of letters in the alphabet, so I will try and determine which codons map onto which letters of the alphabet.


Which codon triplets map on to which letters of the alphabet?

Inorder to answer this question, I have an idea.

Genesis 1 v 1 has 28 letters. Assuming that Genesis 1 v 1 is encoded within the DNA string then the codon that matches Aleph will occur at positions 3, 9, 10, 15, 23 and 26 within a 28 letter string - just as the letter Aleph occurs at those same positions in Genesis 1 v 1



So all we have to do is isolate each string that is of length 28 letters. Then see if the same aminoacid occurs at all the positions - 3, 9, 10, 15, 23 and 26.

If we find a match, then that aminoacid would map onto Aleph.

Then we could look to see if a the aminoacid occurring at positions 5, 13 and 20, was the same in these three positions. If it is, then this would be a staggering confirmation. This aminoacid would map onto Iota.

The same could be done for each letter in Genesis 1 v 1

This would be very convincing proof of the presence of Genesis 1 v 1 in the DNA string

Whatsmore, it would simultaneously decode the DNA alphabet.


Method

1. The DNA sequence is copied in FASTA format from the online DNA database, and pasted into TextBox1

2. First the DNA sequence is converted into an array of codon triplets.

3. Then the codon triplets are converted into an aminoacid sequence using the standard genetic code

4. The string of aminoacids is then searched for 28 letter sequences where the same letter occurs at positions 3, 9, 10, 15, 23 and 26.


Computer Code

Here is the computer code that I will use to carry out step 2

Dim Nucleotides As String
Nucleotides = TextBox1.Text.Replace(Environment.NewLine, "")
Nucleotides = Nucleotides.Replace(" ", "")
Nucleotides = UCase(Nucleotides)
Nucleotides = Nucleotides.Trim
TextBox1.Text = Nucleotides
Dim Line As String = ""
Dim r, n As Integer
Dim array1(10000) As String

For r = 0 To Nucleotides.Length - 3 Step 3
array1(n) = Nucleotides.Substring(r, 3)
Next

Here is the computer code that I will use to carry out step 3

Dim AminoAcids As String = ""
Dim Codon As String

For Each Codon In array1
If Codon = "TTT" Or Codon = "TTC" Then
AminoAcids &= "F"
End If

If Codon = "TTA" Or Codon = "TTG" Or Codon = "CTT" Or Codon = "CTC" Or Codon = "CTA" Or Codon = "CTG" Then
AminoAcids &= "L"
End If

If Codon = "ATT" Or Codon = "ATC" Or Codon = "ATA" Then
AminoAcids &= "I"
End If

If Codon = "ATG" Then
AminoAcids &= "M"
End If

If Codon = "GTT" Or Codon = "GTC" Or Codon = "GTA" Or Codon = "GTG" Then
AminoAcids &= "V"
End If

If Codon = "TCT" Or Codon = "TCC" Or Codon = "TCA" Or Codon = "TCG" Or Codon = "AGT" Or Codon = "AGC" Then
AminoAcids &= "S"
End If

If Codon = "CCT" Or Codon = "CCC" Or Codon = "CCA" Or Codon = "CCG" Then
AminoAcids &= "P"
End If

If Codon = "ACT" Or Codon = "ACC" Or Codon = "ACA" Or Codon = "ACG" Then
AminoAcids &= "T"
End If

If Codon = "GCT" Or Codon = "GCC" Or Codon = "GCA" Or Codon = "GCG" Then
AminoAcids &= "A"
End If

If Codon = "TAT" Or Codon = "TAC" Then
AminoAcids &= "Y"
End If

If Codon = "TAA" Or Codon = "TAG" Then
AminoAcids &= "1"
End If

If Codon = "CAT" Or Codon = "CAC" Then
AminoAcids &= "H"
End If

If Codon = "CAA" Or Codon = "CAG" Then
AminoAcids &= "Q"
End If

If Codon = "AAT" Or Codon = "AAC" Then
AminoAcids &= "N"
End If

If Codon = "AAA" Or Codon = "AAG" Then
AminoAcids &= "K"
End If

If Codon = "GAT" Or Codon = "GAC" Then
AminoAcids &= "D"
End If

If Codon = "GAA" Or Codon = "GAG" Then
AminoAcids &= "E"
End If

If Codon = "TGT" Or Codon = "TGC" Then
AminoAcids &= "C"
End If

If Codon = "TGA" Then
AminoAcids &= "2"
End If

If Codon = "TGG" Then
AminoAcids &= "W"
End If

If Codon = "CGT" Or Codon = "CGC" Or Codon = "CGA" Or Codon = "CGG" Or Codon = "AGA" Or Codon = "AGG" Then
AminoAcids &= "R"
End If

If Codon = "GGT" Or Codon = "GGC" Or Codon = "GGA" Or Codon = "GGG" Then
AminoAcids &= "G"
End If
Next

Here is the computer code that I will use to carry out step 4. It is written in vb.net language.

Dim i as integer
Dim Sample as String
Dim A1, A2, A3, A4, A5, A6 as String
Dim SequencesFound as String

For i = 0 to AminoAcids.length - 28

Sample = AminoAcids.Substring(i, 28)
A1 = Sample.substring(2, 1)
A2 = Sample.substring(8, 1)
A3 = Sample.substring(9, 1)
A4 = Sample.substring(14, 1)
A5 = Sample.substring(22, 1)
A6 = Sample.substring(25, 1)

If A1 = A2 and A2 = A3 and A3 = A4 and A4 = A5 and A5 = A6 Then

SequencesFound &= "Position : " & i & vbcrlf & Sample & vbcrlf & vbcrlf

End If

Next

TextBox2.Text = SequencesFound

This method is much better than previous suggested methods since it works without having to first determine the DNA alphabet. All we have to look for is the same codon occurring in all positions of the same letter. Given the wierd way in which Genesis 1 v 1 has manifested in the DNA code ( as demonstrated by both Shcherbak and Rakocevic), it is quite possible that the signature verse will be found within the DNA sequence itself - and this is one direct way of finding out if that is the case.

Of course, if this test works then we will have found the Signature - and we will also have decoded the DNA alphabet. With the alphabet we will be able to read other passages of DNA which will help us to understand the function of DNA and also where we came from.

[jce]

Background

We have seen, from the work of Vernon Jenkins, that Genesis 1v1 seems to contain a mathematical pattern based around 666 and 703, and this same pattern has been discovered by Rakocevic in the genetic code. Genesis 1v1 is therefore possibly a Signature.

Consequently I have decided to search for this Signature in the sequence of nucleotide bases that form the string of DNA. The number of aminoacods approximates to the number of letters in the alphabet, so I will try and determine which codons map onto which letters of the alphabet.

If we find a match, then that aminoacid would map onto Aleph.

Then we could look to see if a the aminoacid occurring at positions 5, 13 and 20, was the same in these three positions. If it is, then this would be a staggering confirmation. This aminoacid would map onto Iota.

The same could be done for each letter in Genesis 1 v 1

This would be very convincing proof of the presence of Genesis 1 v 1 in the DNA string

Whatsmore, it would simultaneously decode the DNA alphabet.

Of course, if this test works then we will have found the Signature - and we will also have decoded the DNA alphabet. With the alphabet we will be able to read other passages of DNA which will help us to understand the function of DNA and also where we came from.

Hi Craig

What a fascinating endeavor! I started reading this thread at the end and realized that one would need to begin at.. where else but the "beginning"!

I must admit that my limited education prohibits me from commenting on your work, but what intrigues me as a Christian is the possible conclusion which could generate some interest throughout the science community! Of course there may be some who would dismiss it as a meaningless coincidence as they are already predisposed to the idea that Bible has nothing to offer science. Also, regarding the question as to whether or not any more prominent names in this discipline have cited or verified the early stages of this work only leads me to conclude that God reveals His secrets to the humble and hides them from the proud, or more fairly put, they are just not focused on it as you indicated.

One more thought before I finish. I titled this reply "Truth and Reason" because it seems that the Bible is often rejected because of its apparent contradictions or other inconsistencies. Zechariah 4 records an interesting vision where part of the message contains the phrase "not by might nor by power, but by My Spirit saith the Lord of Hosts". Perhaps God will fully accomplish His work on earth, not in a concluding demonstration of His might and power, but by the unifying of Truth and Reason. If your work produces what I suspect that you hope it will, this would be more than a step in that direction, it would seem to be more of a leap!!!

May God continue to inspire you with His marvelous revelations!!!

A brother in Christ.

John

[Richard Amiel McGough]

Which codon triplets map on to which letters of the alphabet?

Inorder to answer this question, I have an idea.

Genesis 1 v 1 has 28 letters. Assuming that Genesis 1 v 1 is encoded within the DNA string then the codon that matches Aleph will occur at positions 3, 9, 10, 15, 23 and 26 within a 28 letter string - just as the letter Aleph occurs at those same positions in Genesis 1 v 1



So all we have to do is isolate each string that is of length 28 letters. Then see if the same aminoacid occurs at all the positions - 3, 9, 10, 15, 23 and 26.

If we find a match, then that aminoacid would map onto Aleph.

Then we could look to see if a the aminoacid occurring at positions 5, 13 and 20, was the same in these three positions. If it is, then this would be a staggering confirmation. This aminoacid would map onto Iota.

The same could be done for each letter in Genesis 1 v 1

This would be very convincing proof of the presence of Genesis 1 v 1 in the DNA string

Whatsmore, it would simultaneously decode the DNA alphabet.


Method

1. The DNA sequence is copied in FASTA format from the online DNA database, and pasted into TextBox1

2. First the DNA sequence is converted into an array of codon triplets.

3. Then the codon triplets are converted into an aminoacid sequence using the standard genetic code

4. The string of aminoacids is then searched for 28 letter sequences where the same letter occurs at positions 3, 9, 10, 15, 23 and 26.


This method is much better than previous suggested methods since it works without having to first determine the DNA alphabet. All we have to look for is the same codon occurring in all positions of the same letter. Given the wierd way in which Genesis 1 v 1 has manifested in the DNA code ( as demonstrated by both Shcherbak and Rakocevic), it is quite possible that the signature verse will be found within the DNA sequence itself - and this is one direct way of finding out if that is the case.

Of course, if this test works then we will have found the Signature - and we will also have decoded the DNA alphabet. With the alphabet we will be able to read other passages of DNA which will help us to understand the function of DNA and also where we came from.

Hi Craig,

I think there is a much simpler method. Are you familiar with Regular Expressions? They enable you to search a string for any pattern of characters. For example, you want to find a string that has the same character (codon) at positions 3, 9, 10, 15, 23 and 26. You don't have to worry about the length of the substring - just search the entire DNA codon string for any such sequence. Then you can check to see if the string you found can be matched to the rest of the text of Genesis 1:1 by simply checking to see if the first and fourth characters are the same (corresponding to Bet), etc.

Also, you can automatically analyze the entire genome if you read it from a file rather than copy/pasting little chunks into a textbox.

It sounds like the first thing to do would be to translate the entire genome into codons, represented by 22 letters. Then you can look for patterns in those letters, like a substring with the same letter at positions 3, 9, 10, 15, 23 and 26.

Have you put any of your test programs online yet? Do you have a link to the genome translated into codons?

All the best,

Richard

[Richard Amiel McGough]

Hi Craig

What a fascinating endeavor! I started reading this thread at the end and realized that one would need to begin at.. where else but the "beginning"!

Yes, a connection between Genesis and Genetics would be intriguing indeed!

My research confirms the results found by Vernon Jenkins but also enters into territory that he has not explored as far as I know. It concerns the idea of creation as an act of dividing the primal unity. The alphanumeric structure of Genesis 1:1 involves primes that are generated when unity (the number 1) is divided by an integer in base 10. Consider unity divided by 7:

1/7 = 0.142857 142857 142857 142857 142857 ... repeated forever.

If we now multiply by 7 to "restore unity" we get this:

1 = 7 x (1/7) = 0.999999 999999 999999 999999 ... repeated forever.

Similar patterns are found for any number not containing a 2 or 5 (the prime factors of the base 10 = 2 x 5).

So the process of dividing and reuniting unity involves "repdigits" like 99, 999, 9999, 99999, etc. And as it turns out, the primes found in the alphanumeric structure of Genesis 1:1-5 and John 1:1-5 are the very primes that are the facts of small repdigits. Specifically, the alphanumeric structure of the Creation Holograph is based on what I call the Holographic Generating Set (A = 27, B = 37, C = 73) and the sum of those numbers A + B + C = D = 137 (a prime, and also the first approximation to the fine structure constant which governs the interaction between matter and light).

The product of the first two numbers give the third repdigit 999 = 27 x 37 = AB.

The second two numbers are factors in the eighth repdigit = 99999999 = 9999 x 10001 = 9999 x 73 x 137 = 9999 x CD.

Products from the GenSet are closely related to Base 10, and the set is almost closed (differing from multiples of itself by +/- 1):

AB = 999 = 1000 - 1

BC = 2701 = 100A + 1

AD = 3699 = 100B - 1

BB = 1369 = 10D - 1

Using the GenSet, we can express the detailed structures of Genesis 1:1- and John 1:1-5 in many ways:

Gen 1:1 = 2701 = 100A + 1 = BC = T(C) = T(B) + 2AB

John 1:1 = 3627 = 100B - C

Gen 1:1 + AB = 3700 = 100B = John 1:1 + C

So from this, and many other identities, I concluded that the creation passages mimic the mathematical patterns generated when dividing unity. It still makes a lot of sense to me.

I must admit that my limited education prohibits me from commenting on your work, but what intrigues me as a Christian is the possible conclusion which could generate some interest throughout the science community! Of course there may be some who would dismiss it as a meaningless coincidence as they are already predisposed to the idea that Bible has nothing to offer science. Also, regarding the question as to whether or not any more prominent names in this discipline have cited or verified the early stages of this work only leads me to conclude that God reveals His secrets to the humble and hides them from the proud, or more fairly put, they are just not focused on it as you indicated.

It's odd that you speak of people "predisposed to the idea that Bible has nothing to offer science" given that you yourself have stated that "the Bible is not a book of science." And I agree with you on that point. The problem is that the Bible contains mythology that is indistinguishable from the common mythology of the time it was written. So if you interpret, for example, the idea of "stretching the heavens like a tent" as insight into modern cosmology, then you are attributing that idea to the common mythology of the time when the phrase was commonly used by other cultures.

And I don't think it is accurate to suggest that scientists are "proud" - on the contrary, scientists are the most humble in as much as they defer to reality and evidence rather than their own opinion (which is the hallmark of dogmatists).

One more thought before I finish. I titled this reply "Truth and Reason" because it seems that the Bible is often rejected because of its apparent contradictions or other inconsistencies. Zechariah 4 records an interesting vision where part of the message contains the phrase "not by might nor by power, but by My Spirit saith the Lord of Hosts". Perhaps God will fully accomplish His work on earth, not in a concluding demonstration of His might and power, but by the unifying of Truth and Reason. If your work produces what I suspect that you hope it will, this would be more than a step in that direction, it would seem to be more of a leap!!!

May God continue to inspire you with His marvelous revelations!!!

A brother in Christ.

John

I don't see how this kind of evidence could ever support the traditional dogmatic interpretation of the Bible. I accept the evidence of the Bible Wheel, but I do not accept that it implies traditional Christianity is true. It's a very strange paradox, but I have no choice. The problems with the Bible will not allow that implication.

Great chatting, as always,

Richard

[Craig.Paardekooper]

Hi Richard,

I guess you are right about using regular expressions.

The code I am intending to use at present is -

Dim i as integer
Dim Sample as String
Dim A1, A2, A3, A4, A5, A6 as String
Dim SequencesFound as String

For i = 0 to AminoAcids.length - 28

Sample = AminoAcids.Substring(i, 28)
A1 = Sample.substring(2, 1)
A2 = Sample.substring(8, 1)
A3 = Sample.substring(9, 1)
A4 = Sample.substring(14, 1)
A5 = Sample.substring(22, 1)
A6 = Sample.substring(25, 1)

If A1 = A2 and A2 = A3 and A3 = A4 and A4 = A5 and A5 = A6 Then

SequencesFound &= "Position : " & i & vbcrlf & Sample & vbcrlf & vbcrlf

End If

Next

TextBox2.Text = SequencesFound

I would still have to apply the regular expression to each possible 28 letter string, so would still have to use the For Loop -

For i = 0 to AminoAcids.length - 28
Sample = AminoAcids.Substring(i, 28)
Next

And then I would apply your regular expression to each sample.


Thanks Richard for your input. I will make the relevant refinements.