One of the closer parallels to this dramatic sequence is found in a rather strange text in Odes Sol. [Odes of Solomon] 23:5–22. As in Rev 5:1–14, the focus of the brief drama is the revelation of the Son of Truth who vanquishes all the enemies of God. The primary dramatic features are the following: (1) The thought of the Lord is compared to a heavenly letter (the Syriac term ˒rt˒ occurs five times in Odes Sol. 23:5, 7, 10, 17, 21), Odes Sol. 23:5–6. (2) When the letter descended, many tried to catch it and read it, but it escaped their fingers (23:7–8a). (3) They feared the seal (Syriac ḥtm˓; cf. Dan 12:4) on the letter, for it was more powerful than they (23:8b–9); i.e., they did not think they were capable of breaking it. (4) Nevertheless, those who had seen the letter pursued it (23:10). (5) However, a wheel (Syriac gyg˒; cf. Hebrew אופן ˒wpn) received the letter and overcame all opposition (23:11–16). (6) The letter (now apparently open) was one of great authority, and the head of all regions was the Son of Truth from the Most High Father, who inherited everything (23:17–19). (7) All seducers fled, and all persecutors were obliterated (23:20). (8) The narrative concludes with these lines (23:21–22; tr. J. H. Charlesworth, The Odes of Solomon [Oxford: Clarendon, 1973]):
21And the letter became a large volume [Syriac pnqyt˒],
Which was entirely written by the finger of God.
22And the name of the Father was upon it;
And of the Son and of the Holy Spirit,
To rule for ever and ever.
Hallelujah.
In Rev 5:1–14 and Odes Sol. 23:5–22, the elements-in each short drama are remarkably similar, and the symbolism is also close. Nevertheless, there can be no direct connection between the two texts because of the unique features that each exhibits. In Odes Sol. 23:11–16, it is apparent that the 'wheel' is connected with Merkavah ('chariot') mysticism based on Ezek 1. This feature ties the two texts even closer together, since the 'wheel' in Ezek 1 (which is essentially a throne vision) is closely connected to the four cherubim, and the four cherubim are also prominent in the throne vision of Rev 4–5 (Charlesworth, Odes, 95–96 n. 8). A comparison of similar dramatic features found in both Rev 5:1–14 and Odes Sol. 23:5–22 yields this result: A heavenly document that is sealed cannot be opened by anyone. Only one had the power to take the document and reveal its significance. In both scenarios, the sovereignty of a major heavenly figure is revealed, the Lamb in Rev 5:1–14 and the Son of Truth in Odes Sol. 23:5–22. While the conquest of the enemies of God is narrated in Odes Sol. 23:13–15, 19–20, that feature is not found in Rev 5 but is narrated later in Rev 6:1–8:1.
There are also some differences that must be noticed: (1) In Revelation the drama takes place within the heavenly throne room, while in Odes of Solomon the drama is set on the earth. (2) In Revelation the Lamb is the only one able to open the sealed scroll, while in Odes of Solomon the Wheel plays that role, though the act of unsealing the letter is implied, even if not specifically mentioned. (3) In Odes of Solomon it appears that the letter = large volume is the Son of Truth, while in Revelation the sealed scroll represents the eschatological events determined by the sovereign will of God.
Aune, D. E. 2002.
Word Biblical Commentary : Revelation 1-5:14. Word Biblical Commentary. Vol. 52A (329). Word, Incorporated: Dallas
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